• unhealthy digestive system impairing absorption
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• diabetes, if poorly controlled, causing increased loss in urine
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• age which decreases absorption
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• medications that interfere with absorption
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• diuretics, antibiotics and cancer meds which cause loss
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• unhealthy kidneys, causing excessive loss in urine
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• alcoholism
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• muscle cramps, particularly on exertion
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• involuntary contractions of the muscles of the hands, thumbs, feet,
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or toes
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• tremors
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• inflammation
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• muscle weakness
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• depression
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• anxiety
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• sleep issues
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• fibromyalgia
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• facial tics
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• eye twitches
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• numbness and tingling
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• seizures
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• personality changes
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• abnormal heart rhythms
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• coronary spasms
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• high blood pressure
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• cardiovascular disease
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• type 2 diabetes
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• colorectal cancer
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• insulin resistance
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• muscle spasms or twitching that occur at night and without
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exertion, often in the calves and thighs but not the hands or feet
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• numbness and tingling of fingers and toes
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• depression
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• irritability
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• weakness
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• fatigue
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• muscle cramps or pain
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• fluid retention
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• elevated blood pressure
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• dizziness
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• stomach disturbances
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• irregular heartbeat
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• abnormal EKG
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• urine leaking
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• excess urination
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• nausea
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• fatigue
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• muscle weakness
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• tingling sensations
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• potassium-sparing diuretics
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• NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories)
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• ACE inhibitors (e.g. captopril or enalapril)
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• kidney disease
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• diuretics
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• corticosteroids
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• laxatives (particuarly when used regularly)
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• diabetes
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• very low carb eating
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• frequent vomiting and/or diarrhea
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• salt craving
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• dizziness
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• excessive sweating
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• high heart rate
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• palpitations or arrhythmias
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• muscle cramps
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• temperatures higher than normal
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• fluid retention
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Fluid in the body is linked to the location of sodium. Too high
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sodium in blood causes water to leak from cells into the blood
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stream to dilute and lower sodium concentration. Too low
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sodium levels in blood causes water to leave blood and enter
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cells, causing them to swell
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• symptoms of dehydration can include:
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• thirst
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• dry mouth and nose
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• elevated blood pressure
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• dark, concentrated urine
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